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Stainless Steels

The story began during World War I when a large number of guns were needed. However, due to the limitation of technology growth, the British army was suffering from critical barrel rust and wear problems. To overcome this issue, the ordnance factory entrusted metallurgical expert Harry Brearley to develop wear and rust-resistant alloy. Brearley tried adding various elements to steels and never got expected results. Once, he mixed chromium to steelmaking raw material and obtained a new type of material with a shiny surface, unfortunately, when he made it into a gun for the shooting test, the material was too brittle for guns. Later someday, Brearley found several fragments of steel that were mixed with chromium still bright and shinny among rusted iron pieces. Experiments found that these chromium steels were not easy to rust in the sun and rain, and they were not as weak as ordinary steels were when placed in an acid or alkali environment. Although this new material was too expensive and brittle to make gun barrels, it was good for making knives, forks, and tableware, etc.

Stainless steel is classified into chromium, chromium-nickel, and chromium manganese nitrogen stainless steel based on the chemical composition; It can be categorized into free cutting, non-magnetic, low-temperature, and high-strength stainless steel according to its functional characteristics; It is itemized into the martensitic, ferritic, austenitic, duplex, and precipitation hardening stainless steel based on the metallographic structure.

Martensitic Stainless Steel

High carbon proportion brings martensitic stainless steel a higher strength, hardness, and wear resistance, but weaker regarding anti-corrosion. It’s majorly used to make parts and components for meeting high mechanical property standards but general anti-corrosion requirements. Such as spring, turbine blade, and hydraulic press valve, etc.

Ferritic Stainless Steel

Ferritic stainless steel refers to stainless steel which chromium composition is between 15% – 30%. Toughness is directly proportional to the number of chromium, and the ability of anti-chloride stress corrosion is better than other types. High chromium has made it greater in anti-corrosion and anti-oxidation but weaker in mechanical property and processability. Widely applied for acid-resistant structures with less stress and used as anti-oxidation steels. For example, it’s used to make equipment for producing nitric acid and for food factories, or make parts that can operate at high temperatures.

Austenitic Stainless Steel

We call stainless steels with chromium over 18%, about 8% nickel, and slight aluminum, titanium, and nitrogen austenitic stainless steels, which can resist corrosions from multiple mediums. Austenitic stainless steel has very good ductility, toughness, weldability. It’s non-magnetic or weakly magnetic, and very commonly used for making corrosion-resistant containers, equipment lining, pipelines, anti-nitric acid parts, etc.

Duplex Stainless Steel

Duplex stainless steel has the nature of both austenitic and ferritic stainless steel, and superplastic. It is tougher, with better weldability and intergranular corrosion resistance than ferritic stainless steel. No brittleness at room temperature and with higher strength, chloride stress corrosion resistance than austenitic stainless steel. It also has better anti-pitting performance.

Precipitation Hardening Stainless Steel

The primary structure of precipitation hardening stainless steel was made of austenitic and martensitic organizations. This type of stainless steel can be strengthened and hardened through precipitation hardening treatment.

Characteristics of Stainless Steels

  • weldability
  • Anti-corrosion
  • Heat-resistance
  • Polishing

Stainless steels are applied widely and commonly in construction, food processing, catering, brewing, chemistry, and medical field, etc. To the site furniture industry that Canaan serves in, outdoor stainless-steel furniture is often scribbled and must stand the test of changing weather at the same time, so the easy cleaning feature has made stainless steel the most preferred material. 

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Anti-rust

Rust prevention refers to the surface protection treatment to prevent iron components or equipment from forming iron oxide. The main methods include thermal spraying, hot dipping, coating, soaking or spraying corrosion inhibitor, antirust oil and antirust paint, using passivation solution, electroplating, baking enamel, surface transformation improvement technology, and surface diffusion infiltration technology.

The article must be pretreated with surface cleaning and drying before the anti-rust process. The most appropriate method should be selected according to the properties of the article and the processing conditions. There are three commonly used treatments: solvent cleaning, chemical cleaning, and mechanical cleaning. After cleaning, it can be dried with filtered compressed air or dryer, or wiped with clean gauze.

Metal rust is mainly affected by the following factors:
·  Chemical composition and structure of the metal material.
·  Metal surface finish.
·  Composition and pH value of the solution in contact with the metal surface.
· Temperature and humidity.
·  Environmental media in contact with the metal surface.

There is an easily overlooked factor in the use of outdoor furniture, that is hand sweat. Sweat is a colorless, transparent, or sometimes light-yellow liquid that has a salty taste and weak acid. Its pH value is 5 – 6. In addition to sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and salt, it also contains a small number of organic acids such as urea, lactic acid, and citric acid. When sweat comes into contact with metal, it will form a film on the surface, which will cause electrochemical action on the metal and bring corrosions.

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Galvanization

Galvanization refers to the surface treatment technology of plating a layer of zinc to metals, alloys, or other materials for aesthetic and rust prevention. With the development of galvanization and the use of high-performance zinc plating brightener, the purpose of galvanization has escalated from simple protection to protection and decorative application. The main processes are cold and hot-dip galvanizing.

Hot-dip galvanizing is developed from the older hot-dip galvanizing method. It has been 170 years since France applied hot-dip galvanizing to the industry in 1836. It is the main method used for galvanizing the surface of the steel boards. Cold galvanizing, also known as electro galvanizing, covers a wide range of fields, including machinery manufacturing, making galvanized hook nets, electronics, precision instruments, chemical industry, transportation, aerospace, etc. Canaan applies cold galvanizing to beautify and make the products corrosion-resistant and durable.

The zinc coating is thick, with fine and uniform crystallization, no pores, and has good corrosion resistance; The layer obtained by electroplating is relatively pure, and the corrosion is slow in acid, alkali, and other environments which effectively protects the object. The zinc coatings form colors such as white, rainbow, and dark green after chromate passivation, which is pretty and decorative. It has good ductility which allows cold stamped, rolled, bent, fold without damaging the coating.

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Powder-coating

Powder-coating is to coat powdered paint on the workpiece with an electrostatic spray molding machine. The powder will be evenly attached to the surface in the electrostatic field. Final layers vary in effects according to different paint. The thickness reaches up to 60 microns after high-temperature drying, leveling, and curing, which makes the product surface flat and smooth with strong acid resistance, alkali resistance, and wear resistance, and can withstand long term UV radiation and acid rain without coating pulverization, fading, and falling off.

Powder coating is better than paint spraying in terms of mechanical strength, adhesion, corrosion resistance, aging resistance. The cost is also lower for the same effect. Powder-coating characteristics

  • The final film is flat and smooth with very strong adhesion and excellent decoration performance, under the influence of electrostatic effect.
  • Electrostatic adsorption reduces paint mist pollution and improves the workshop’s hygiene condition.
  • Reduces cost by increasing paint utilization.

Powdered paint

The paint is produced by processing hot extrusion, grinding, and sieving with a mix of specialized resin, pigment, fillers, curing agents, and other additives in certain proportions. It is a solid fine powder that is completely different from coatings in general, very stable at room temperature.

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Electro-coating

Electro-coating is a coating method that the workpiece and the corresponding electrode are put into the water-soluble coating. The resin, pigment, and filler in the coating evenly precipitate and deposit on the surface of the workpiece and form a water-insoluble film under the influence of the physical and chemical action generated by the electric field, once the power supply is connected.

Electro-coating was invented in the late 1930s, but the development and industrial application of this technology were after 1963. Electro-coating is a special film-forming method that grew in recent 30 years, which has the characteristics of water solubility, nontoxicity, and easy automatic control.

The electro-coating process is generally composed of four main phases: pre-treatment, electro-coating, cleaning, and drying. Electrophoretic results vary due to the types of coatings and technologies applied. In general, you can expect the following characteristics.

  • The quality of the films obtained from electro-coating is usually proportional to the period that the power is on, so the film deposition can be adjusted by adding or shortening the power connection.
  • Electro-coating can form an evenly painted film on sharp edges, corners, gaps, and internal and external surfaces of the workpieces. Significantly improves its anti-corrosion performance.
  • The moisture content of the electro-coating is very low before the drying phase. Its water-insoluble and non-flowing features prevent the film from defects such as vertical drops, flow marks, and stagnation marks.
  • Because the electronegative polymer particles directionally deposit in response to the electric field, the electro-coating film possesses better water resistance and stronger adhesion than coatings processed by other methods.
  • Electro-coating has low concentration and viscosity, so less paint is wasted in the impregnation process. The utilization of the paint reaches up to 100%.
  • Similar to water-based paint, electro-coatings overcame the concerns of fire hazards and benzene poisoning.

Electrophoretic paint

Electrophoretic paint, a water-soluble paint that is known as the safest material in the coating industry, has no fire hazard, no flammable and explosive danger, and has little harm to the human body due to the application of water as the primary solvent and organic solvent as the assist.

Moreover, the electro-coating performs an excellent protection job on complex structured products, like their cracks and internal surfaces, with which the overall anti-corrosion effect improved significantly, and extended the product life circle to a large extent.

In addition, the effectiveness and efficiency of electro-coating, the fineness, leveling, and uniformity of the film guarantee the same coating thickness. It is suitable for mass production which makes the work easier and less time-consuming.